Abnormal Psychology And Modern Life

Stahl, Georg Ernst; Schmidt, Christoph Philipp: De Animi Morbis. Praes. Georgius Ernestus Stahl d. 10.Jul. 1708; Resp. Christophorus Philippus Schmidt. + G.E.Stahl: De Private Dispensatione Medica-Mentorum. Halae Magdeb., Literis Christiani Henckelii, 1708, Kl.4°, 56, (10) pp., OBrosch.

Erste Ausgabe!<br>"Daß also eine seelenlose Pathologie zu einer materialistischen Psychiatrie führen mußte, ist eine logische Folgerung aus jenen Prämissen; und anders kann es nicht eher werden, als bis eine von Stahl's Geiste durchdrungene Krankheitslehre sich Anerkrennung verschafft hat.<br>Die hierher gehörigen Hauptstellen in Georg Ernst Stahl's (1659-1714) Schriften sind folgende:<br>1) Das schon erwähnte Kapitel vom Irrereden im dritten Theile seiner Theoria medica vera.<br>2) Dissertation de Animi Morbis; auctore Schmidt, Osnabrugo Guestphalo. Sie wurde am 10. Juli 1708 vertheidigt, und erschien daher gleichzeitig mit der Theoria medica vera. Um Wiederholungen zu vermeiden, werde ich beider Inhalt gemeinschaftlich angeben" Ideler, Stahls Lehre von den Geisteskrankheiten, pp.261-300, Wiss. Ann. Ges. Heilk., 26 (1833)<br><br>"Stahl's major work was Theoria Medica Vera, published in 1707, in which he discussed mental diseases. A year later he continued his discussion of the same problems in "De Animi Morbis". He felt repelled by the increasing cleavage between body and mind. He felt that this dichotomy was unjustified and that it did harm to true understanding of disease in general and of mental disease in particular. Stahl therefore is to be considered a great pioneer in medicine in putting squarely before the doctor the task for forming a synthesis of physical and mental phenomena, of the organic and psychological as we would say today. Despite his deeply religious feelings, he approached the problem without theological preoccupations and as a true seventeenth-century empiricists. The separation of the consideration of living body from the problem of life he considered untenable. Inorganic matter and a dead body are different from living matter, the body. The fact that the body is alive is in itself proof that it is moved by a living force - a drive, an instinct which is closer to our effects, emotions, that it is to physics and chemistry. Stahl went to the extreme on this point. He even believed that a knowledge of the chemistry and physical is much less useful to a physician that an understanding of how the soul, the vital force, functions. <br>Except for the terminology, Stahl's conception of mental diseases coincides in many points with the advanced psychodynamic views of the twentieth century. In a dissertation published in 1702 under the title "De Medicina Medcinae Necessaria", he pointed out "the stupendous, sudden and quick effect of the so-called passions and affects on the body." He believed that certain emotions might interfere with the recovery from a physical disease. In general, the various psychological reactions which Stahl observed in physical diseases, reactions which did not attract the serious attention of the psychopathologist until the twentieth century when they appeared under the name of pathoneuroses (Ferenczi) and psychosomatic disorders, should be considered of great clinical importance, for these psychological reactions are a sign of the self-preservation drives of the individual. Stahl even made the correct observation that dreams occasionally reflect the condition of certain abnormal bodily states. This he said was due to the "anima sensitive" - putting it into modern terminology, to unconscious perception. Stahl's views are based on the conception of "motus tonico-vitalis", which he discussed for the first time in his dissertation "De Motu Tonico-Vitalis" in 1692. He held the life force responsible for all motions, that is, for the functions, of a living organism. Mental diseases occur when the soul is impeded in its free function. This impediment or inhibition is frequently due to a mood or, what is the same thing, to an idea which is foreign or contrary to the direction of the life force. This is a somewhat awkward formulation of a concept which Freud promulgated early in his career when he spoke of the unconscious origin of symptoms and of the repressed, instinctual drives as capable of producing neuroses and psychoses.<br>Stahl was the first to attempt to point out that certain deliriums or mental states are of a physical (organic) and others of an emotional (psychological, functional) origin. One should, for instance, differentiate certain erotic states which come from increased sensibility of the organs involved from those of purely psychological origin which are characterized by the predominance of erotic fantasies. This point of view proved extremely fruitful. The modern psychiatrist, totally unaware of this source of his clinical procedure, considers that one of his cardinal problems and duties is to differentiate organic from functional symptoms in every case which he is called upon to diagnose and treat. We are indebted to Stahl, more than we know, for the fact that major neuroses and psychoses, which even throughout the seventeenth century were grouped under the heading of demoniacal possessions by many great physicians, were finally captured by the student of mental diseases as belonging to him in his capacity as psychiatrist.<br>Stahl truly expresses the spirit of transition from the enthusiastic iatromechanistic views which prevailed among, the most authoritative men of the seventeenth century to the birth of a medical psychology based on a biological synthesis of the processes of life. His immediate influence was small, particularly in Germany where he was rediscovered, so to speak, by Ideler one hundred years after his death and made to serve the establishment of true psychological psychiatry. Ideler issued Stahl's "Theoria Medica Vera" in a new German edition in 1831-1832. Stahl's influence was much greater in France, particularly in the University of Montpellier where Boissier de Sauvages, Barthez, and Philippe Pinel taught." G.Zilboorg, A History of Medical Psychology, pp.277-280

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Stahl, Georg Ernst; Schmidt, Christoph Philipp: De Animi Morbis. Praes. Georgius Ernestus Stahl d. 10.Jul. 1708; Resp. Christophorus Philippus Schmidt. + G.E.Stahl: De Private Dispensatione Medica-Mentorum. Halae Magdeb., Literis Christiani Henckelii, 1720, Kl.4°, 56, (10) pp., OBrosch.

Second Edition!<br>"Georg Ernst Stahl's (1659-1714) major work was Theoria Medica Vera, published in 1707, in which he discussed mental diseases- A year later he continued his discussion of the same problems in "De Animi Morbis". He felt repelled by the increasing cleavage between body and mind. He felt that dhis dichotomy was unjustified and that it did harm to true understanding of disease in general and of mental disease in particular. Stahl therefore is to be considered a great pioneer in medicine in putting squarely before the doctor the task for forming a synthesis of physical and mental phenomena, of the organic and psychological as we would say today. Despite his deeply religious feelings, he approached the problem without theological preoccupations and as a true seventeenth -century empiricists. The separation of the consideration of living body from the problem of life he considered untenable. Inorganic matter and a dead body are different from living matter, the body. The fact that the body is alive is in itself proof that it is moved by a living force - a drive, an instinct which is closer to our effects, emotions, that it is to physics and chemistry. Stahl went to the extreme on this point. He even believed that a knowledge of the chemistry and physical is much less useful to a physician that an understanding of how the soul, the vital force, functions. <br>Except for the terminology, Stahl's conception of mental diseases coincides in many points with the advanced psychodynamic views of the twentieth century. In a dissertation published in 1702 under the title "De Medicina Medcinae Necessaria", he pointed out "the stupendous, sudden and quick effect of the so-called passions and affects on the body." He believed that certain emotions might interfere with the recovery from a physical disease. In general, the various psychological reactions which Stahl observed in physical diseases, reactions which did not attract the serious attention of the psychopathologist until the twentieth century when they appeared under the name of pathoneuroses (Ferenczi) and psychosomatic disorders, should be considered of great clinical importance, for these psychological reactions are a sign of the self-preservation drives of the individual. Stahl even made the correct observation that dreams occasionally reflect the condition of certain abnormal bodily states. This he said was due to the "anima sensitive" -putting it into modern terminology, to unconscious perception. Stahl's views are based on the conception of "motus tonico-vitalis", which he discussed for the first time in his dissertation "De Motu Tonico-Vitalis" in 1692. He held the life force responsible for all motions, that is, for the functions, of a living organism. Mental diseases occur when the soul is impeded in its free function. This impediment or inhibition is frequently due to a mood or, what is the same thing, to an idea which is foreign or contrary to the direction of the life force. This is a somewhat awkward formulation of a concept which Freud promulgated early in his career when he spoke of the unconscious origin of symptoms and of the repressed, instinctual drives as capable of producing neuroses and psychoses.<br>Stahl was the first to attempt to point out that certain deliriums or mental states are of a physical (organic) and others of an emotional (psychological, functional) origin. One should, for instance, differentiate certain erotic states which come from increased sensibility of the organs involved from those of purely psychological origin which are characterized by the predominance of erotic fantasies. This point of view proved extremely fruitful. The modern psychiatrist, totally unaware of this source of his clinical procedure, considers that one of his cardinal problems and duties is to differentiate organic from functional symptoms in every case which he is called upon to diagnose and treat. We are indebted to Stahl, more than we know, for the fact that major neuroses and psychoses, which even throughout the seventeenth century were grouped under the heading of demoniacal possessions by many great physicians, were finally captured by the student of mental diseases as belonging to him in his capacity as psychiatrist.<br>Stahl truly expresses the spirit of transition from the enthusiastic iatromechanistic views which prevailed among ,the most authoritative men of the seventeenth century to the birth of a medical psychology based on a biological synthesis of the processes of life. His immediate influence was small, particularly in Germany where he was rediscovered, so to speak, by Ideler one hundred years after his death and made to serve the establishment of true psychological psychiatry. Ideler issued Stahl's "Theoria Medica Vera" in a new German edition in 1831-1832. Stahl's influence was much greater in France, particularly in the University of Montpellier where Boissier de Sauvages, Barthez, and Philippe Pinel taught." G.Zilboorg, A History of Medical Psychology, pp.277-280

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Herbart, Johann Friedrich (1776-1841): Psychologie als Wissenschaft, neu gegrundet auf Erfahrung, Metaphysik und Mathematik, Konigsberg 1824

Konigsberg: Unzer, 1824, 1825. 2 vols. 1st Edition. xiv+390; xxviii+541+[1]pp. Errata printed on the verso of the last leaf of the second volume. Contemporary half calf with marbled brown boards and brown & green morocco spine labels. Text lightly browned, boards rubbed but quite sound, a VG set with the small 19th century embossed stamp and ink signature to the titlepage of the first volume and embossed stamp to the titlepage of the second volume of an A. Muttrich, probably the original owner. Uncommon. Herbart's second and most important book on psychology, and the Ursprung for modern psychology through its direct influence on Fechner and Wundt, and its indirect influence on Freud. Herbart regarded psychology as a scientific enterprise founded on experience, albeit not experimental, descriptive or physiological. Nonetheless, the differences in the intensities of ideas ("Vorstellungen") were measurable, direct consequences of which were his notions of the limen or threshhold of consciousness, and of the ability of ideas to retain influence while unconscious. As Boring pointed out, Fechner invented experimental psychology by uniting Herbart's mathematics with Weber's use of experiment. Herbart's concept of the limen "might almost be said to have made psychophysics possible." Wundt drew on Herbart's exposition of a doctrine of the unconscious to explain perception by unconscous inference, while Fechner took from Herbart "the notion of the measurement of the magnitude of conscious data, the notion of analysis, and most important of all, the notion of the limen. ... The conception of active ideas striving for realization ... [affected] abnormal psychology greatly. Freud's early description of the unconscious might almost have come directly from Herbart, although it did not." Boring History of Experimental Psychology, 2nd ed., pp. 251-261 (from which the quotes are taken); Diamond Roots of Psychology 25.4; Brett A History of Psychology Vol. III, pp. 43-62; Jones Life and Work of Sigmund Freud Vol. I, pp. 371-374; Klein A History of Scientific Psychology, pp. 760-773; Wozniak Mind and Brain #35 & p. 37. Weight: 2 pounds 5.5 ounces = 1.1 kg. Size: 8.0 x 5.0 x 2.8 inches = 20 x 12.5 x 7cm. With the small rubber stamp to the top of both titlepages and both opposing blank leaves of the distinguished Hungarian psychologist Geza Revesz. Revesz (1878-1955) was Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Budapest during the 133 days of the Republic in 1919. After the fall of the republic he emigrated to Holland, where he directed the Institute for Experimental Psychology (1921) and was professor of psychology at the University of Amsterdam 1932-1950. He published a notable study of the psychology of the blind. Born at Oldenburg, Herbart studied with Fichte at Jena and gave his first philosophical lectures at Gottingen around 1805. In 1809 he assumed Kant's position as professor of philosophy at Konigsberg. In 1833 he returned to Gottingen, where he remained as professor of philosophy until his death. HB

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James C. Coleman: Abnormal Psychology and modern life Untertitel: in englischer Sprache, USA Scott, Foresman and Company 3rd ed.,
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